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• Propagation is best on frequencies having multiple horizontal reflecting layers. • A layer above 350 km indicates weaker propagation than a layer at a lower altitude. • A thick E layer (below 150 km) can produce excellent propagation when there is no F2 layer. • Vertical "rain" indicates a weak reflecting layer with increased atmospheric noise. • Vertical artifacts below 150 km are foreign or domestic broadcast stations. Ionogram provided by UML Space Science Lab